% of identified breeding sites where the vector’s life cycle is disrupted using environmentally sustainable methods.

% of people who have taken action to protect themselves from relevant vector-borne diseases while minimizing the use of pesticides

Have health and sanitation activities been designed to minimise the risks of groundwater and surface water pollution and vector-borne disease as per Sphere WASH standards 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, and 4.2 and associated guidance notes?

Have vector control activities been designed to minimise the use of chemicals and nearby environmental pollution?

Design review

Monitoring and evaluation.

• Address vector control to reduce chemical contamination risks and minimising insecticide use.

• Safe elimination or control of mosquitoes, stagnant water, and other vectors without the use of chemicals is the best mitigation approach (note that fumigation does not eliminate mosquitoes in all phases of their life cycle and is therefore of limited impact).

• Mosquito-borne disease can also be particularly severe for children, resulting in developmental complications due to microcephaly (Zika) or cerebral malaria. These often arise from stagnant water and water storage often used where piped water supply cannot be guaranteed 24/7.

• Use natural products where possible, such as mosquito-repellent plants (e.g. limoncello, lemon eucalyptus), integrated pest management or apply best practices in the use of chemical vector controls.